"O jogo é muito bruto, não é para amador": concepções de ex-ministros da saúde sobre a Reforma Sanitária brasileira / "The game is too rough, it's not for amateurs": conceptions of former ministers of health on the Brazilian Health Reform / "El juego es demasiado duro, no es para aficionados": concepciones de ex ministros de salud sobre la Reforma de Salud Brasileña

Este estudo histórico de abordagem qualitativa objetivou identificar e analisar as concepções acerca da Reforma Sanitária brasileira (RSB) de seis ex-ministros da saúde do Brasil que foram provavelmente acumuladas ao longo das suas trajetórias enquanto executivos federais da saúde (2002 a 2015). Foram extraídos excertos de entrevistas realizadas entre os anos de 2018 e 2020, sendo analisados e discutidos sob à luz do referencial teórico-filosófico de Jairnilson Paim. Foi possível identificar e contrastar os discursos dos ex-ministros com os principais conceitos desenvolvidos por Jairnilson Paim sobre a RSB, por exemplo, "revolução passiva", "transformismo", "retórica sanitária" e "fantasma da classe ausente". Conclui-se que o conhecimento e a análise de tais concepções são pistas úteis à compressão da política de saúde brasileira nas últimas décadas, sendo necessário que estudos nessa direção sejam construídos continuamente no intuito de não retrocedermos e colaborar, dentre outras coisas, para que se elimine a retórica detratora que posiciona a RSB como utopia e fetiche, enquadrando-a como uma possibilidade real e uma necessidade concreta.

This historical study with a qualitative approach aimed to identify and understand the perceptions about the Brazilian Health Reform (RSB) of six former ministers of health in Brazil that probably accumulated throughout their trajectories as federal health executives (2002 to 2015). Excerpts from interviews carried out between 2018 and 2020 were extracted and were analyzed and discussed in the light of Jairnilson Paim's theoretical-philosophical framework. Identifying and contrasting the main concepts of the former ministers' discourses about RSB was possible with the main concepts developed by Jairnilson Paim, such as "passive revolution," "transformism," "sanitary rhetoric," and "ghost of the absent class." It is concluded that the understanding and the analisis of such conceptions are useful clues to understanding the Brazilian health politics in the last dates and studies that are being elaborated in this sense need to be constructed continuously with the intent of not going backwards and collaborating to, among other things, eliminate the detractor rhetoric that positions the RSB as a utopia and a fetish, framing it as a real and a concrete necessity.

Este estudio histórico, con enfoque cualitativo, tuvo por objetivo identificar y analizar las percepciones sobre la Reforma de Salud Brasileña (RSB) de seis ex ministros de salud en Brasil, que probablemente se acumuló a lo largo de sus trayectorias como ministros de salud (de 2002 a 2015). Se extrajeron extractos de entrevistas realizadas entre 2018 y 2020, los cuales se analizaron y se discutieron a la luz del marco teórico-filosófico de Jairnilson Paim. Se pudo identificar y contrastar los discursos de los exministros con los principales conceptos de la RSB desarrollados por Jairnilson, tales como "revolución pasiva", "transformismo", "retórica sanitaria" y "fantasma de la clase ausente". Se concluye que el conocimiento y el análisis de estas percepciones son indicios útiles para la comprensión de la política de salud brasileña en las últimas décadas, lo que apunta a la necesidad de realizar más estudios sobre el tema para seguir avanzando y colaborar, entre otras cosas, en la supresión de la retórica detractora que define la RSB como una utopía y un fetiche, enmarcándola como una posibilidad real y concreta.

Birth is but our death begun: a bioarchaeological assessment of skeletal emaciation in immature human skeletons in the context of environmental, social, and subsistence transition.

The second millennium BC was a period of significant social and environmental changes in prehistoric India. After the disintegration of the Indus civilization, in a phase known as the Early Jorwe (1400-1000 BC), hundreds of agrarian villages flourished in the Deccan region of west-central India. Environmental degradation, combined with unsustainable agricultural practices, contributed to the abandonment of many communities around 1000 BC. Inamgaon was one of a handful of villages to persist into the Late Jorwe phase (1000-700 BC), wherein reliance on dry-plough agricultural production declined. Previous research demonstrated a significant decline in body size (stature and body mass index) through time, which is often used to infer increased levels of biocultural stress in bioarchaeology. This article assesses evidence for growth disruption in the immature human skeletal remains from Inamgaon by correlating measures of whole bone morphology with midshaft femur compact bone geometry and histology. Growth derangement is observable in immature archaeological femora as an alteration in the expected amount and distribution of bone mass and porosity in the midshaft cross-section. Cross-section shape matched expectations for older infants with the acquisition of bipedal locomotion. These results support the hypothesis that small body size was related to disruptions in homeostasis and high levels of biocultural stress in the Late Jorwe at Inamgaon. Further, the combined use of geometric properties and histological details provides a method for teasing apart the complex interactions among activity and "health," demonstrating how biocultural stressors affect the acquisition and quality of bone mass.